9th-10th (L1)

Model how abstractions hide the underlying implementation details of computing systems embedded in everyday objects.

Analyze the levels of abstraction and interactions between application software, system software, and hardware.

Develop and apply criteria for the systematic discovery of errors and systematic strategies for the correction of errors in computing systems.

Evaluate the scalability and reliability of networks by identifying and illustrating the basic components of computer networks (e.g., routers, switches, servers, etc.) and network protocols (e.g., IP, DNS).

Compare physical and cybersecurity measures by evaluating trade-offs between the usability and security of a computing system and the risks of an attack.

Recommend security measures to address various scenarios based on information security principles.

Explain trade-offs when selecting and implementing cybersecurity recommendations from multiple perspectives, such as the user, enterprise, and government.

Convert and compare different bit representations of data types, such as characters, numbers, and images.

Evaluate the trade-offs in how data is organized and stored digitally.

Use tools and techniques to locate, collect, and create visualizations of small and large-scale data sets (e.g., paper surveys and online data sets).

Illustrate and explain the relationships between collected data elements using computational models.

Create a prototype that uses algorithms (e. g., searching, sorting, finding shortest distance) to provide a possible solution for a real-world problem.

Demonstrate the use of lists (e.g., arrays) to simplify solutions, generalizing computational problems instead of repeatedly using simple variables.

Justify the selection of specific control structures (e.g., sequence, conditionals, repetition, procedures) considering program efficiencies such as readability, performance, and memory usage.

Decompose problems into procedures using systematic analysis and design.

Create computational artifacts by systematically organizing, manipulating and/or processing data.

Create software that will provide solutions to a variety of users using a software development process.

Evaluate a variety of software licensing schemes (e.g., open source, freeware, commercial) and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme in software development.

While working in a team, develop, test, and refine event-based programs that solve practical problems or allow self-expression.

Using visual aids and documentation, illustrate the design elements and data flow (e.g., flowcharts, pseudocode) of the development of a complex program.

Evaluate and refine computational artifacts to make them more user-friendly, efficient and/or accessible.

Evaluate the ways computing impacts personal, ethical, social, economic, and cultural practices.

Test and refine computational artifacts to ensure access to a variety of user audiences.

Demonstrate ways a given algorithm can help solve computational problems across disciplines.

Demonstrate and debate how computing increases and decreases connectivity and communication among people of various cultures.

Describe the beneficial and harmful effects that intellectual property laws can have on innovation.

Describe and discuss the privacy concerns related to the large-scale collection and analysis of information about individuals (e.g., how websites collect and use data) that may not be evident to users.

Evaluate the social and economic consequences of how law and ethics interact with digital aspects of privacy, data, property, information, and identity.